What is function of preheater immersion pipe? What is the behaviour of material inside cyclone if immersion pipe is missing ? If we have any immersion pipe missing it will effect on decarbonation degree or not ?

Please ask the laboratory to check the LOI in C1A, C1B and C2 again. The reported LOI in C2 is higher than in the C1 cyclones. This is difficult to explain unless you have some water injection into C2 cyclone or other special process feature. In order to calculate the cyclone efficiencies the LOI should reduce in each successive cyclone down the preheater.I also suggest that the LOI at 600 degrees C be measured in addition to the LOI at 1000 degrees C. This will tell us whether there is any hydrate or organic carbon present in the kiln feed. Finally we must have the dust LOI to calculate the efficiency of the C1 cyclones.

Our preheater surging regularly. This is happening on a irregular basis. We suspect it is coming from cyclone No 2. We have investigated and have taken several actions. Unfortunately, we were unable to resolve it. Actions taken were as follows:
1. Damper adjustment
2. Check feeding system
3. Effects from other cyclones
4. Preheater riser duct buildup
5. Splash plate adjustment/buildup
We also include some technical data as an attachment.

The gas velocity at the kiln inlet should not be greater than 10m/s and ideally significantly less than that. you can calculate the velocity by using the Ideal Gas Laws to convert the normal cubic metres of exhaust gas at the kiln inlet to the actual cubic metres at the inlet temperature. Division by the cross-sectional area of the kiln inside the refractory will then give you an estimate of the actual velocity.